Pre-CLARiTY Publications
Historical Publications leading to development of the CLARiTY
Spectral Absorption of Turbid Systems Using Diffuse Light
Bateman, J.B., Monk, G.W., Science, 121 (3143), 441 (1955).
“The nature of the association between absorbing and scattering structures in living cells is undoubtedly complex; even when all scattered light is collected, the contributions of different substances to the total absorption may depend not only on their quantity but also on their location within the cell.”
Spectral absorption of prodigiosin in intact cells
Monk, G.W., Journal of Bacteriology, 74, 71 (1957).
“It is possible, however, to study the spectral absorption of the pigment while it is still in the cells. …The added scattering due to the sample is insignificant and its absorption alone determines the transmission of the slab relative to a similar slab without absorber in the reference beam.”
Theory of absorption and scattering within integrating spheres
Richetta, P.J., Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55(1), 21 (1965).
“This paper reports a theory of integrating spheres filled completely with absorbing and scattering material. The development is oriented toward describing the behavior of such an integrating sphere when it is used as a spectrophotometer. The output ratio and effective light-path length of an integrating sphere spectrophotometer are introduced.”
Integrating Cavity Spectroscopy
Elterman, P., Applied Optics, 9 (9), 2140 (1970).
“This method has the virtue of being independent of the scattering within the material sample, the reflectivity of the material surface, and the geometry of the sample.”
Integrating cavity absorption meter
Fry, E.S., Kattawar, G.W., Pope, R.M., Applied Optics, 31(12), 2055 (1992).
“In contrast to Elterman’s work, here we emphasize an integrating cavity that is completely filled with an absorbing sample, which generally will be considered to be an aqueous suspension or solution. Because the diffuse reflecting cavity walls have high reflectivity, the effective absorption length in the sample is many times the diameter of the integrating cavity…Measurement of very small absorptions is facilitated by the use of long path lengths through the sample…this integrating cavity concept is especially sensitive to small absorptions.”
On recording the true absorption spectrum and the scattering spectrum of a turbid sample: application to cell suspensions of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis
Merzlyak, M.N., Naqvi, K.R., Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, 58, 123(2000).
“An integrating sphere is often used for recording the absorption spectrum of a turbid sample. If the sample is placed inside the sphere, scattering losses are eliminated, but the recorded spectrum suffers from other distortions.”
Measuring the absolute quantum efficiency of luminescent materials
Rohwer, L.S., Martin, J.E., Journal of Luminescence, 115, 77 (2005).
“We conclude that this diffuse light method gives repeatable values comparable to those currently accepted….We use the approximation that the light in the integrating sphere, after hitting the diffuser, can be described as a gas of photons, so that the photon flux is uniform in all directions.”
Quantitative spectrophotometry using integrating cavities
Javorfi, T., Erostyak, J., Gal, J., Buzady, A., Menczel, L., Garab, G., Naqvi, K. R., Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology, 82, 127 (2006).
“We have developed a convenient and reliable calibration procedure which provides distortion-free spectra in a broad concentration range of dilute solutions and also for scattering samples.”